
Programs
And
Repertoire
As Classical musician and pianist of Zimbabwean and Portuguese origin I consider the construction of a concert program as a creative adventure.
I am inspired to select pieces from eclectic and diverse fonts; put together so that - the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The story connecting the pieces is for example built on historical, aesthetic, esoteric, or psychedelic links.
It is this rich interconnectivity between seemingly disparate texts that inspires me.
Man/AGAINST/Nature
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The Ukranian composer Boris Lyatoshynsky, now largely unknown, was a potent force in the shifting isolated Soviet musical landscape of the first half of the last century. This prelude is his first published piano work and demonstrates the composer’s tendency to dissonant and morbidly persistent motivic development typical of the decadent mentality of the Expressionists. However the young composer’s nature is in conflict with the Stalin regime and must shortly be reigned in. It is wonderful to hear in this early work how his original free spirit sings.
Johann Sebastian Bach and his harmonic ordering of the musical universe are completely in line with ideals of the German Enlightenment; the age into which he is born. His many-voiced music is rigorously and, in a way, mathematically structured, reflecting the contemporary thinking: man could exercise his rational thinking over the world. Bach’s genius is so limpid that even the strictness of fugal writing he seems totally natural. How else would his music have touched us for so long if not through something profoundly human and thus natural? The “French Overture” is a showcase for Bach’s mastery of the French-style of composition and a case for cosmopolitan consciousness in a composer who never crossed the borders of a small part of modern Germany. Along with the “Italian Concerto”, another deft rendering of a fashionable foreign idiom, the score for the “French Overture” has dynamic markings (forte or piano) written for the double manual harpsichord - a fantastic instrument of the age.
Nature divides day and night, a contrast that the Irish composer, John Field, exploits prodigiously. Field is the inventor of the Nocturne and a direct influence on Chopin’s famous eponymous works. By nature, Field was a bohemian wanderer and became an alcoholic. As a protégé of Muzio Clementi , Mozart’s “rival”, he decides to stay in Saint Petersburg, Russia, after they tour there together. Here, he creates his “night pieces” or Nocturnes. In the tenth “Nocturne” the perhaps the “dark night of the soul” swells a pining heart. In the eleventh “Nocturne” maybe a floating summer night has varied moments of inspiration that depict the Poet in a dreamy state, his mind wandering with the night. Flashes of concern interrupt the idyll that has longing, yearning and bliss all woven into its fabric.
Beethoven in his turn was never completely happy in his second home, the capital city of Vienna, and regularly “summered” in the countryside. Famously he takes long walks to clear his mind; he is a composer at home in Nature. Works like the “Pastoral Symphony” derive motives directly from sounds and sights of the wilds. Opus 31 contains the famous “Tempest” sonata a title that does not stem from Beethoven but one that speaks of the composer’s “stormy” side perhaps. The first sonata in this opus demonstrates Beethoven’s genius for genuine humour in music where other composers have only managed irony in their works. In Italy this sonata is known as the “Limping” sonata because of the rhythmic peculiarities in the first movement. This rhythm is variously attributed to Beethoven’s depiction of pianists who fail to play their chords with both hands striking the keyboard simultaneously. However it is plausibly also a lighthearted play on audience expectations and characteristic desire for novelty and surprise that inspired this “limping” first movement. This manner is further extended in the second movement that is sometimes remarked to be a caricature of the Viennese-based Italian composers and performers, more popular and successful than Beethoven, and their tendency to over guild the lily in their cadenzas and embellishments. Beethoven takes this mode of comedy and sublimates making profound out of the frivolous. The good-natured Finale takes for its theme a melody that cannot help but remind the listener of Boccherini’s famous minuet. The Internet Movie Database shows 96 film soundtrack credits for this minuet including the TV series “The Good Wife” and “The West Wing” and films like Sir Alec Guinness and Peter Sellers’ “The Ladykillers” (1955). Considered to be one of the finest Rondo’s penned by Beethoven the initial mood is challenged again with a concluding presto.
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When a careless or sensitive person allows the natural environment to influence her directly the effects can be uplifting or conversely, dangerous. A madwoman’s mind is scattered and unfocused like the infinite sea in the distinctive sound-painting of Alkan…The Romantics were greatly influenced by Nature and especially its more tempestuous mood. Alkan’s madwoman is like a small figure swallowed up in a landscape painting, her frail mental state overwhelmed by the relentless forces of Nature.
Emotional subtlety arose in the works of the French author E. de Senancour and others. They noticed that sometimes Man finds that he is in a harsh opposition in his mental with nature’s balmy appearance. In the poem by Galina the subject is conflicted by the loveliness of spring as she herself feels tormented and inconsolable desperation. Rachmaninov in “12 Romances” maintains the introspective spirit of the Romanticism alive in the twentieth century. The seasonality of Nature inspires reflection on the seasons of our dispositions. In a sense, the title “Sorrow in Springtime” seems to hint at the inherent contradictions of Spring. The violent ravishment of bare trees the softest pastels in the falling petals from the blossoms of cherry trees, the abrupt break with the isolation of winter during which the soul searched within as apposed to the exposure and emerging dominance of the body in spring. This sentiment is all but gone by the time summer comes and we are again at harmony with the unequivocally externalised season. Until again in autumn we are unsettled by contradictions.
Sorrow in Springtime G. Galina
How my heart aches!
And yet I would live,
Now that spring with its fragrance is here!
Nay! I have not the strength to seek death
Once for all in the sleepless blue night.
Would that age could come swiftly to me,
Would my brown locks were silver’d with time!
Were I deaf to the laugh of the breeze,
To the nightingale’s passionate voice
As he pours out his heart in a song,
Far away, where the lilac trees bloom!
Would to Heav’n that the silence and dusk
Were not fill’d with such pain and despair!Liszt chooses a motto from F. Schiller as caption, "All for one - one for all” to “The Chapel of William Tell”. This choral orientated work is as much a call to arms as a portrayal of the life of a nationalist hero. Appealing to the emotions and patriotic fervor of the Swiss people in an invocation of their hero, William Tell, this is the very opening of Liszt’s major piano cycle “Years of Pilgrimage”. The swelling patriotic pride that causes one to rise up in the defense of one’s country and to unite with one’s compatriots in a common cause is evoked here. Particularly, a rousing depiction of bugle calls echoing across the land and imploring its listeners to betray its appeal is contrasted with a spiritual hymn in this portrait of the Swiss Nation.
“What do I want? What am I? What do I ask of nature? I feel, I exist only to consume myself in untamable desires, to quench my thirst in the seduction of a fantastic world, to be overwhelmed by its sensuous illusion.”
Obermann Étienne Pivert de Senancour
Childe Harold's Pilgrimage ("Could I embody and unbosom now / That which is most within me,--could I wreak / My thoughts upon expression, and thus throw / Soul--heart--mind--passions--feelings--strong or weak-- / All that I would have sought, and all I seek, / Bear, know, feel--and yet breathe--into one word, / And that one word were Lightning, I would speak; / But as it is, I live and die unheard, / With a most voiceless thought, sheathing it as a sword."
Liszt’s centrepiece to his First Year of Pilgrimage takes some inspiration from a novel by Senancour that tapped into the Romantic notions of its day. It depicts an isolated man at a lake as an indolent summer’s night descends. He bemoans his own tormented state as he poses philosophical questions on love in such opposition to the serene beauty proffered by his surroundings. For the Romantics who saw in Nature the inspiration for all that they believed was Truth, the fact that the muse herself could be in opposition must feel like betrayal. Nature, stormy and tempestuous, dramatic and violent, was a clear depiction of the supremacy of emotions for the Romantics. When however, the sun shone and the night was a calm banality they felt betrayed and rallied against such an unmoved natural world by stirring in themselves emotions of great pitch.
Voyager avec Franz Liszt...
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Le thème du sacré lié à celui du voyage, est une idée ancienne et bien ancrée dans la tradition. Le pèlerinage en est la forme la plus ancienne. Dans l’opéra “Tannhauser” de Richard Wagner, des pèlerins religieux en route vers Rome croisent le rebelle Tannhauser. Les conditions d’absolution lui sont expliquées, et celui ci décide de se joindre aux pèlerins pour solliciter la bénédiction au sanctuaire romain. Tannhauser effectue ce voyage pour s’absoudre des excès commis sur le Venusberg, où il était ensorcelé et vivait avec Venus elle même.
Souvent nous voyageons pour prendre du recul sur nos vies ou pour chercher une reconstruction spirituelle. Un pèlerinage sacré a pour but ultime la pénitence accompagné, parfois, de châtiment et de privation, pour devenir un être meilleur.
Pour l’anecdote, sachez que Liszt lui-même voyageait non seulement dans le but de se produire et de gagner de l’argent, mais qu’il se déplaçait aussi pour des causes sociales et des catastrophes naturelles pour donner des concerts dont les produits étaient reversés au profit de l’aide humanitaire, une première dans l’histoire de la musique.
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Comme virtuose itinérant, Liszt, en son temps était inégalée. La sensation fait par Liszt fut causée à la fois par son talent de virtuose et par son charisme : où qu’il passe, il était accueilli en véritable « rock-star ». Ses voyages l'ont emmené de la Turquie au Portugal. Liszt voyageait même parfois avec son piano de préférence et il acquérait, lors des voyages, une grande quantité d'objets exotiques, précieux, et étranges. Par exemple en janvier 1840 en Hongrie; le plus magnifique, un sabre d’honneur paré de bijoux. Deux ours de spectacle lui furent envoyés par le Tsar Nicolas lors de sa visite à Saint-Petersbourg en 1843. Et c’est précisément lors d’une de ses tournées, loin de sa famille, à Kiev, que Liszt rencontre la princesse Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein qui devait prendre la place de Marie d’Agoult dans son affection.
Pour l'artiste, être sans cesse en déplacement et donner en permanence des concerts ou des “récitals”, comme Liszt les appelait, fut épuisant et il décida, avec Carolyn, de prendre sa retraite au sommet de sa gloire et de s’installer à Weimar où il va se concentrer sur la composition.
Las de voyages, Liszt renonce ce mode de vie afin de chercher une relative stabilité et les bénéfices de la sédentarité. Ce choix de vie a été fructueux pour la composition de Liszt qui nous laisse, à partir de 1848 de nombreuses nouvelles compositions.
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Peu importe où nous allons, nous retournons toujours « chez nous », du moins spirituellement. Le mouvement nationaliste hongrois à commence pendant les années 1840. En 1948 quand Liszt et Carolyn voyageaient vers Weimar ils se sont arrêtés à Vienne pour que la princesse puisse voir la ville de Beethoven et de Schubert. Les vents révolutionnaires contre les Hapsburgs menés par Lajos Kossuth se faisaient ressentir partout dans la ville. Une nuit, des étudiants sont venus à l’hôtel ou Liszt séjournait pour lui prier de dire quelques mots. Liszt à répondu depuis son balcon : Quand les instruments ont pris leurs places, c’est nécessaire d’avoir un chef d’orchestre pour harmoniser leurs voix diverses. Les instruments sont en place mais le chef capable est manquant. Brouhaha et confusion n’ont que peu des résultats. Le bon leader devra fixer des baïonnettes.
Dans sa musique, Liszt reste très inspiré par les souvenirs son pays natal et de son folklore. Il se réfère souvent à la musique joué par les gitans. Ces souvenirs sont immortalisés dans ses “Rhapsodies Hongroises” qui évoquent les fêtes, danses, chansons ainsi que l’état d’esprit de son pays natal. D'une manière ouvertement nationaliste et patriotique Liszt nous transporte dans son pays et comme tout ambassadeur culturel il nous en montre le meilleur.
Dans cette rhapsodie singulière titrée par Liszt lui-même: “Héroïde élégiaque” il nous laisse imaginer la pompe et le deuil national entourant la mort d'un héros hongrois. Peut être même la mort du leader idéal dont Liszt rêvait encore, cette nuit, lors de son passage à Vienne, à la veille de la révolution de 1849. Divisé en deux parties, au début nous distinguons bien la marche funèbre Héroïde du thème plus limpide: Elégiaque. Ce deuxième rappelle et se développe vers un climax marqué con somma passione pour ensuite se dissoudre dans le rythme sombre du début.
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Mis à part les voyages de pèlerinage, les principaux raisons de voyager est la découverte, les expériences nouvelles et l’apprentissage d’une culture nouvelle. Le mythe celtique de Tristan et Iseut est issu de la tradition orale
de Bretonne ou l’histoire fait son entrée dans la littérature écrite au XIIème siècle. Ces mythes, ainsi que ceux d’origine purement germanique ,allaient devenir l’obsession de Wagner. Dans cet opéra nous voyageons au large des côtes de l’Irlande.
Par ses transcriptions, Liszt trouvait une manière de diffuser la musique d’opéra qui pouvait ainsi être jouée n'importe où. Ainsi, les œuvres du jeune Wagner, encore inconnu, à la fin des années romantiques ont pu être largement diffusés. Liszt se reposait largement sur la technique de transformation thématique, technique qui est devenu la base des Leitmotivs de Wagner dans ses drames musicaux. C’est beaucoup grâce à Liszt qui portait un grand intérêt pour la musique de Wagner que la carrière de ce dernier a véritablement démarré. Notamment lorsque Liszt monte et dirige, en 1850, “Lohengrin” à l’opéra de Weimar en l’absence de Wagner, exilé à Londres. Sans l’appui de Liszt, Wagner n’aurait pas connu le succès qu’il a eu. La musique de Liszt a beaucoup influencé Wagner, bien que celui-ci ne veuille jamais l’admettre officiellement. Les relations des deux hommes allaient même au delà de la musique: Wagner a épousé Cosima von Bülow, une des trois enfants d’amour de Liszt avec la comtesse Marie d’Agoult. La musique de son beau-fils a été beaucoup plus largement écouté et apprécié grâce aux efforts, transcriptions musicale et la bienveillance de Liszt.
Nous avons Liszt à remercier pour le titre de cette dernière scène de l’opéra. Isolde se croit capable de voir, sentir, et entendre son amant Tristan, déjà passé à l’au-delà. Ce serait le dernier opéra que Liszt a entendu avant sa mort ; c’est une œuvre qui lui est particulièrement cher depuis sa création. Une courte phrase tirée d’un duo du deuxième acte introduit une transcription d'une grande ingéniosité : outre les outils classiques du transcripteur (trémolos, arpèges), il fait appel à de nombreuses innovations (accompagnement en doubles croches ternaires alternées de soupirs). De la sorte, le pianiste peut faire cohabiter jusqu'à cinq voix en même temps.
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Dans son récit de voyage de génie, le grand cycle de l’oeuvre les “Années de pèlerinage” est d’une beauté extrême. Liszt nous emmène avec lui lors d'une période de voyage qu'il fit avec sa compagne de l’époque, Marie d’Agoult. Souvent il revisite ici des endroits mythiques et sentimentales pour lui. Un passeport estampillé « Suisse » : la nature avec ses montages, ses ruisseaux et torrents est particulièrement propice à l'inspiration
romantique et présente des aspérités qui s'accordent bien avec la nature emphatique du compositeur.
Le premier volume des « Années de Pèlerinage « s’ouvre avec “La Chapelle de Guillaume Tell”. Nous sommes en pleine représentation de la lutte Suisse pour la libération et Liszt choisit une devise de Schiller comme légende : “Tous pour un - un pour tous”. La pièce de théâtre de Schiller du même nom a été écrite en 1803-4. L'opéra de Rossini, sur un livret en français s’ouvre à Paris en 1829. Liszt va également transcrire l’ouverture bien connue de cet opéra pour piano solo.
Un noble passage marqué « lento « ouvre la pièce, suivie par la mélodie principale illustrant les combats pour la liberté. Un coup de cor retentit, alerte les troupes, fait écho dans les vallées, et se mélange ensuite avec le son de la lutte héroïque. La chapelle ses situe près de Lucerne où Liszt et Marie d'Agoult ont commencé leurs voyages. La chapelle originale visité par Liszt et d’Ajout n’existe plus aujourd’hui; l’existante date d’une construction moderne de 1879.
C’est le texte d’un auteur français aujourd’hui oublié, Senancour, qui a inspiré la “Vallée d’Obermann” la plus vaste pièce du corpus. Christine Mondon biographe de Liszt fait la comparaison dans ce morceau des aux harmonies osées marqué par le thème d’ouverture d’avec le chromatisme déchirant qui préfigure “Tristan”.
Obermann est un héros romantique par excellence, absorbé par la nature, souffrant d’ennui et de nostalgie. Liszt nous livre une illustration musicale de cette figure centrale pendant qu’il est en train de regarder, à la nuit tombante, l’idyllique lac dans la vallée. Il est déchiré par ses questionnements intérieurs, provoqués par une solitude écrasante et une mélancolie profonde. La partie centrale du morceau exprime les extrêmes entre les affres de son âme et les hauteurs des montagnes : la main gauche fait des trémolos dans le grave, tandis que la main droite exécute des octaves périlleuses. Des petites mélodies, sans accompagnement, nues, et interrompues marquent les questions posées dans l'extrait cité (Que veux
je? Que suis-je? Que demander à la nature?). A la fin de cette recherche introspective et profonde il va conclure que seuls nos sentiments sont vrais mais toujours sous forme d’une question, à jamais mystérieuse, à laquelle il n’y a pas de réponse.
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« Could I embody and unbosom now That which is most within me, - could I wreak
My thoughts upon expression, and thus throw
Soul, heart, mind, passions, feelings, strong or weak,
All that I would have sought, and all I seek,
Bear, know, feel, and yet breathe - into one word,
And that one word were lightning, I would speak;
But as it is, I live and die unheard,
With a most voiceless thought, sheathing it as a sword. »
« Si je pouvais donner un corps à ce qu'il y a en moi de plus intime, si je pouvais en décharger mon sein, si je pouvais prêter une voix à mes pensées et enfermer en un seul mot, mon âme, mon cœur, mon esprit, mes
passions, mes sentiments, dans leur force ou leur faiblesse ; tout ce que j'aurais voulu trouver, tout ce que je cherche, tout ce que je souffre, ce que je sais, ce que j'éprouve sans mourir, et quand ce mot serait la foudre, je
le dirais ; mais faute de ce seul mot, je vis et je meurs sans avoir été compris, avec une pensée qui ne peut
trouver de voix, la renfermant en moi comme l’épée dans le fourreau.
» Lord Byron, (1788-1824), Le pèlerinage de Childe Harold (1812-1818)Que veux-je? Que suis-je? Que demander à la nature?
Étienne de Senancour, Obermann (1804)
Silence and Splendour
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Inspired by my experiences in California this summer I would like to frame this concert as a homage to the search for a musical ordering of sound inspired by Nature.
Works like “Feurklavier” (Fire piano) and “Luftklavier” (Air piano) and “Reflets dans l’eau” (Reflections in the Water) are in this vein directly. They seek, I believe, to translate into music the experience of Nature.
Beethoven famously walked in the woods surrounding Vienna finding inspiration. This experience is open to anyone who seeks to hear Nature’s rhythms. In a city like Los Angeles Nature enters and exits in many places. The throb of the city is accompanied by the whisperings of the mountains.
The shorter more daring compositions by Satie, Berio, and Schoenberg act as preludes to the larger works and are meant to reflect a journey from sound perceived into music manifest.
Therefore the shorter works are more abstract in style.
They musically prepare, harmonise, and contrast with the larger works by Bach, Debussy, Godowsky and Beethoven. Re-contextualising the familiar or laying fresh ground for adventure.
In the age of the 10min maximum attention-span short works are a way for us to savour other music styles and expand our listening natures.
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Also important for me in this program is the moment of inspiration that leads away from silence - when the first spark to create something is sensed by the artist. So, here too in this program are references to improvising. Specifically, Satie’s piece sounds like it is being made up on the spot and, in a different style, so does the Fantasy by Bach.
Bach’s Fugue that follows is a contrast to improvisation and at the end of the program Beethoven in op. 110 uses two fugues in his Sonata to similarly contrast hesitation with assuredness. The fugue in Beethoven’s work contrasts with a plaintive song.
Debussy’s opening, ripples expanding out to create the rest of piece organically.
Godowsky seems to invoke the night from the beginning of his work. Beethoven starts his sonata with a sing-song interval that will be paramount to the rest of the work.
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Satie is perhaps the biggest prankster in music; far more understood now than during his lifetime. His music sounds as though it was written yesterday instead of a hundred odd years ago. He was an avid calligrapher and in the musical score to this “Crossed-over Dance” the written lines of the accompaniment and melody fold over and under each other; creating beautiful visual effects as well as a beautiful soundscape. Satie’s wit is nevertheless at work, so beware!
Bach sits in an organ loft improvising to the astonishment of his auditors…An over-arching movement from chaos to order - is this his contribution to music? John Cage the experimental composer of 1960’s America was to fantasize of a world where listeners had never heard the music of Bach in order to evade his inescapable structuring influence.
In the 1970’s researchers into Bach’s music found new combinations encoded in his works that had remained hidden for over two centuries. It humbles me to think that even in the 17th century, an Art was known that was so refined that the most brilliant modern minds have yet to fully plumb its depths.
Composed in 1989 the Luftklavier could surprise with Berio’s different sonorities though they are veiled and gossamer light. Berio belongs to the school of post-WWII composers seeking to be original above all else. He, almost alone, harnessed this radical process and enmeshed it with a sense for the beauty of the melodic line.
Berio's most influential works are for solo instruments and especially the voice as he pushes to its absolute limit the notation for vocal sounds (chirrups, pops, squeals, gaffaws, cackles, etc.). In the Encores Berio creates different sonorous worlds clearly influenced by the sounds of Nature.
The companion piece by Debussy also screens itself below a shimmering surface. In both works what is suggested is more important than what is revealed; as though the surrounding “air” or “water”, and thus the atmosphere, is the essence of the work. The landscape comes into its own here, even if the onlooker is somewhat effaced or at least blurred. While these elements twirl and gyre, a germ of something is transmitted…
Exotic and dangerous, Feuerklavier uses hypnotic elements as Berio holds our gaze into the flickering light of a fire – we are transfixed as it dances, flares up and dies away. Berio uses the middle sostenuto pedal to create a special sound from the piano.
Godowsky spellbinds us in a journey through the Royal Palace, or Kraton. I love the idea that the inspiration for the Java Suite came from Godowsky’s travels as he visited Indonesia. These are for me musical post-cards or in Godowsky’s own words “Phonoramas” from a time (1925) before digicams and 24-hour travel channels.
Godowsky paints such a vivid picture of what he was privileged and intrepid enough to see. From out of the dark tropical night, screens are slipped aside to reveal antechambers or brassy courts replete with the clamour of gamelan orchestras. Arising and subsiding, these two works consume and breathe golden flame and glitter glamorously.
The aphoristic piano pieces by Schoenberg are atonal pages of pure experimentation considering their 1913 date of composition. In number II, Schoenberg uses a quintessential harmonious and thus tonal element; the musical interval of the third, as a unifying motif juxtaposed with the atonal nature of the piece.
Animated stuttering in number IV ends with a declamatory voice that imitates speech rhythms perhaps? Beethoven introduces a speech-like Recitative too in the third movement (Adagio ma non troppo) of his Sonata. This is however Beethoven’s ‘voice from the crypt’ as it has been described and has a spectral quality not like the sudden stentorian proclamation at the end of the short Schoenberg piece.
Few works have had such an influence on music as the late piano sonatas of Beethoven. Opus 110 is number 31 of 32 piano sonatas and this is both late Beethoven (from 1821) and indeed great Beethoven.
As just mentioned, the interval of the third is a unifying element in this work. Beethoven uses it in the purely tonal sense (unlike Schoenberg’s perhaps more complex employment). It is the distance heard between the very first two notes of this Sonata.
The first movement is intimate and evokes the string quartet in its writing. Both the piano sonata and the string quartet are poetic vehicles used by Beethoven to reveal his radical and newest musical ideas for expression.
Satie is not the only prankster in our midst. In the second movement Beethoven employs his irrepressible desire to shock in big loud and soft contrasts. The opening theme has also been suggested to at least have some semblance to a frivolous Viennese folk song about kittens popular in its time and Beethoven takes, at least an obtuse, satirical aim at this in a joking scherzo movement.
The entire Romantic movement in music can be imagined to begin with the Arioso lamentation that succeeds the recitative mentioned above in the third movement…it’s plaintive sobbing draws the listener into the inner world of The Artist as no music had done before. The Arioso says “me”, ‘I”, “individual”, “us on Earth” for the first time in musical history, that up until this point was concerned with the general “us in heaven”, or “abstract divine”…this personal lament is then interrupted by the first fugue (a look back - but also back to the future - to Bach and the art of the High Baroque). The Arioso returns drained and hopeless in another key…another fugue gathers strength…little by little…then to end with an affirmation of the will to live.
In my opinion, the theme of the Arioso is another direct reference to Bach, specifically an aria in the Saint John’s Passion at the moment after Christ’s passing. Searching for references and layers of meaning in this sublime Sonata is a task as never-ending as it is rewarding!
…a little about Genaro Pereira…
Genaro Pereira is a Zimbabwean born pianist based in Paris. His musical career started off when a teacher noticed his excellent soprano voice as a boy. He was selected to join the prestigious Drakensberg Boys’ Choir and rose through its ranks to become musical leader. It was at 8 years old that Genaro began the piano and that his love affair commenced. He performed as a child for princes and presidents including Nelson Mandela and Genaro gave the world premier of the New South African national anthem at the opening ceremony of the Rugby World Cup in 1994.
Genaro received his piano diploma from the University of South Africa and studied Orchestration and Composition at the University of Cape Town. Since then he has been based in Paris where he studied with France Clidat an international Liszt pianist as well as Paul Blacher called “one of the greatest piano teachers” by Aldo Ciccolini - one of Mr Blacher’s many illustrious teachers. Under this inspired team Genaro received his piano diploma at the Alfred Cortot conservatoire in Paris.
Genaro is nominated to become cultural ambassador of Zimbabwe, which would allow him to bring to light many projects with his country of birth. Genaro is co-founding a piano music festival in the south of France next year. Genaro tours internationally as a soloist and looks forward in the near future to concerts in Switzerland, England, Portugal, Bahrain, Madagascar…
Blurring the Lines : the crepuscular and the intertextual
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Theme : Between Styles < > Bi-Composed works
Between the Baroque and the Classical. Between a music teacher and his Royal student. Between home and the place one ends up living, working and dying. The fantastic musician Domenico Scarlatti taught the Princess of Portugal Maria Bárbara as well as the great Portuguese composer Carlos Seixas. What most people do not know however is that the future Queen of Spain was a composer - a fact that is proved in her obituary that reads : “gran compositora de música”. Some musicologists consider some of Scarlatti’s sonatas to have been penned by this Female Composer of the Baroque! Both the Queen and Scarlatti would die in Madrid away from the countries of their brith. Carlos Seixas remained in Portugal and created some astounding works some of which go in a totally different direction than that of his teacher and I find this search for new forms incredibly striking in this composer as no one else quite sounds like this man writing on the edge of Europe on the cusp of the Classical period.
Composers : Domenico Scarlatti - Maria Madalena Bárbara Xavier Leonor Teresa António Josefa Bragança - Carlos Seixas
Works : Various Sonatas by the three composers
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Theme : Crepuscular & Intersexual composers
Again a female spirit is hiding inside the works of a male composer. The nocturnes of Chopin flaunt his feminine side : always with the right hand singing in the range of female opera singers. The same is true of Field but with the very same means we are left with a totally different impression of this Irish composer’s relationship to the feminine. This intersexuality is fascinating as each composer explores this relationship to woman and to himself through his use of the piano’s range. Field, a protégé of Clementi and notorious alcoholic chose to live in Saint Petersburg Russia where he invented the Nocturne. Both Field and Chopin died in countries other than the ones in which they were born. The essential style is that of a single melodic singing line over a simple accompaniment to which Chopin was often to add a contrasting faster middle section again showing his dramatic side. Fragoso a hugely talented composer seemed to have fragility built into his name and the young man perished aged 21 from influenza. His sumptuous night pieces is full of the passion and androgyny of youth. The liminal colourations of the Nocturnes are said in fact to be pieces best played as the light of day is dying. In this twilight moment what truths can be singularly revealed, what shadowy figures may turn out to be other than they appear and indeed who in the near-dark is playing such a melancholic melody…?
Composers : John Field - Frédéric Chopin - António Fragoso
Works : A section of Nocturnes
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Theme : Intertextual and the Bitonal
By referencing other sources in music often we get the sense of a frisson at the point where we recognise that reference. Liszt often does this with poetry, literature, places, folk tunes or most effectively with musical quotations in his arrangements and paraphrases. In his work “The Valley of Obermann” a pivotal and emotional complex moment in Senancour’s book is evoked with it all the accompanying nostalgia and referential angst enriching the already magnificent music. Liszt was a master of this and if you walk into the streets of Naples today one can still hear the tunes that Liszt incorporated into his compositions. Here we have to also speak of the work he did bringing opera into the salon with this transcriptions. It seems so modern to me now. Like our ability to use Google without having to go to the library a 19th century family could play (albeit with great difficulty) the symphonies of Berlioz or the latest tunes from French Grand Opera. In Liebestod, Isolde’s immolation straddles the gap between life and the hereafter. In a kind of twilight interphase the two briefly coexist. Leonard Bernstein said that playing the Piano Variations by his friend Copland at a party was the fastest way to clear a room. The lithic dissonance constantly employed make this one of the most uncompromising masterpieces of the 20th century piano repertoire. The theme is harmonised in an unsettling way that creates an instability never allowing relief but rather always stabbing with jagged edges at the furious flux of its own identity.
Composers : Arnold Copland - Franz Liszt
Works: "Piano Variations" by Copland, Liszt Années de pèlerinage (extracts), Wagner/ Liszt - "Isoldes Liebestod"
Paris 2019
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Antoni Soler i Ramos is better known as “Padre Soler” as a result of his having taken holy orders; he wrote more than 500 compositions amongst which 150 are fortepiano sonatas. He like many others felt the influence of the greatest composer of the day in Iberia, Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757), in service to the Portuguese and Spanish royal families and particularly the Portuguese princess and keyboard enthusiast Maria Magdalena Barbara.
The fandango as a dance first appeared in the early eighteenth century and later on with regional derivations -- the malagueña, granadina, murciana, and rondeña, named for their places of origin. But flamenco was the taproot, since fandangos could be sung as well as danced. It is a quick-moving, minor-key folk dance in three time, with alternating measures of tonic and dominant harmony in the bass line, above which the melody is elaborated.
The theme of dances continues into the Ancient Airs and Dances of Respighi. The Ancient Airs and Dances are a part of Respighi’s oeuvre showing his considerable and original skill as an orchestrator (in their original orchestral version) and as a musicologist. Like the Futurists, Respighi was a nationalist and a believer in Italian supremacy in the vein of Mussolini. His revival of the music of almost forgotten medieval and renaissance Italian composers thus serves to show his patriotic love of the music of Italy and his admiration for Italian tradition.
The first movement by Simone Molinaro (1565-1615), Balletto detto ‘Il Conte Orlando, was published as part of a large collection of lute pieces in 1599. A ‘balletto’ was simply a piece of light music, originally vocal but by this time applied also to instrumental pieces - and, of course, the origin of the word ‘ballet’. Molinaro is also known as the publisher and his 1613 edition of madrigals by Gesualdo was ground-breaking because it presented the music in full score as opposed to the traditional part-book format.
There follows a Villanella from around 1600, a form that originated in 16th-century Naples and was based on a Spanish song form for three or four voices. It was popular as a street song throughout Italy, contrasting with the more refined Madrigal of the Renaissance, though this particular example is restrained, lyrical and gently melancholy since it was originally a setting of the dying words of a character in Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso. The sadness of this music is only briefly relieved by a slightly faster middle section.
The Gagliarda itself was originally entitled ‘Polymnia’ after one of the muses of song and was written by Vincenzo Galilei, an amateur lutenist and composer and a thorough theoretician prominent in the movement to revive the principles of the Greek drama in music. He was also the father of the great astronomer, Galileo Galilei. He is also credited with being one of the inventors of the recitative in opera. It is an altogether more vigorous dance in moderately quick triple time, executed with exaggerated leaps which, towards the end of the sixteenth century, took on features of gross obscenity. (In 1589 when Queen Elizabeth I was in her mid fifties, she was declared by John Stanhope of the Privy Chamber, ‘so well as I assure you, six or seven galliards in a morning, besides music and singing, are her ordinary exercise.’). For a central section, Respighi inserts an anonymous dance with a drone bass.
Respighi’s final Passacaglia comes from a set of suites for Spanish guitar by Ludovico Roncalli (1654-1713) published in 1692 where it is the final movement of the concluding suite. A passacaglia was originally an old Spanish dance in triple time but it came to mean in classical form a group of continuous variations built on a recurring theme. Roncalli’s variations increase in both speed and intensity until they reach an imposingly grand climax.
Sorrow in Springtime is the twelfth “Romance" from opus 21 originally scored for voice and piano by Rachmaninoff, with poetic lyrics by Glafira Galina. The title hints at the inherent contradictions of spring. The violent ravishment of bare trees, the softest pastels in the falling petals from the blossoms of cherry trees, the abrupt break with the isolation of winter during which the soul searches within, in contrast to the emerging dominance of the body in spring.
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How my heart aches!
And yet I would live,
Now that spring with its fragrance is here! Nay! I have not the strength to seek death Once for all in the sleepless blue night. Would that age could come swiftly to me, Would my brown locks were silver’d with time! Were I deaf to the laugh of the breeze,
To the nightingale’s passionate voice
As he pours out his heart in a song,Far away, where the lilac trees bloom! Would to Heav’n that the silence and dusk Were not fill’d with such pain and despair!
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Medtner did not receive formal education as a composer. In 1900 he graduated from the Conservatory with a small gold medal in piano performance. A few months later he decided, to the dismay of his teachers and family, not to pursue a career as a pianist, but to devote himself to composing. Medtner unable to console himself to the Bolshevik cause left Russia for Paris and Berlin but in neither capital did he meet success. In 1935 he published a music-aesthetical volume named “The Muse and the Fashion”, supported by his close friend Sergey Rachmaninoff. Rachmaninoff described him as the “most talented of all contemporary composers. He is one of those rare people—as a musician and a human being—who grow in stature the closer you get to them.” Modest success came for a few years from 1947 as Medtner was promoted by an Indian maharadjah in England who funded several recordings of his compositions, before he died of heart disease in November 1951. Persistent to this day, Medtner’s relative and unpardonable obscurity is due in part to his restraint and classicism in an age of wild experimentation and passion. He denigrated the music of Prokofiev, Richard Strauss, Reger, Stravinsky et al saying that “errors of theory and of practice have been observed before, but no theories of error have been known to exist in former times.”. He valued functional harmony and had a vivid gift for lyrical melodies - all of which conspired to make him unpopular during the maelstrom of experimental music in the twentieth century.
The name Forgotten Melodies may derive from notebooks in which Medtner recorded his musical ideas as they came to him. Or they may refer to the aspects of the melodies themselves only suggesting a tradition but not in fact from any Russian folk heritage. The melodies are grouped in five cycles that open and close with a sonata. Sonata-Reminiscenza from the first cycle is rich in characteristic melodic material and is in one movement. The work was written during the first years after the Russian Revolution of 1917. It opens with an unforgettable melancholy that speaks of a longing for the past. The following recollections take us through a journey of souvenirs that accompany and focus the emotions in a way that Medtner believed was the true “forgotten” purpose of music as he wrote “inspiration comes, where thought is saturated in emotion, and emotion is imbued with sense.”
Tchaikosky’s Nutcracker ballet is one of the most beloved of all musical compositions. The famous Waltz of the Flowers inspired Australian-born Percy Grainger to write this paraphrase as a virtuosic piece in which the pianist could shine. The sweeter elements of the Christmas music are underscored by melancholic minor moments that revel the depression through which Tchaikovsky wrote this music. The death of his sister may have been one of the inspirations that allowed him to push on with the imperial commission to write following the success of “Sleeping Beauty". In an effort to magically bring his sister, Sasha, and her memory back to life the escape to the kingdom of the in Sugar Plum Fairy is a sort of frosted afterlife. The original production ended in the magical kingdom lieu of modern returns to everyday world.
- G. Pereira
Genaro Pereira was born in Harare, Zimbabwe. Aged eight his musical career was launched when he was selected for the prestigious Drakensberg Boys’ Choir School.
He studied composition and orchestration at the University of Cape Town and received the diplôme superieur of piano at l’Ecole Normale Cortot under the instruction of Paul Blacher and France Clidat.
As well as performing Genaro composes music and collaborates regularly with other artists internationally including Emilija Skarnulyte, Francesco Panozzo, Rose Lowder, Felix Laband and Thomas McDonell.
Genaro is currently writing a musical for the stage with Roger Allers.
A recital of mega virtuoso works
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Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Trois Études de concertNo. 1: Il lamento
No. 2: La leggierezza
No. 3: Un sospiroThe three Concert Études are a set of three piano études by Liszt, composed between 1845–49; as the title indicates, they are intended not only for the acquisition of a better technique, but also for concert performance and were simply labelled I, II and III. When a second edition was published in Paris, they were renamed Trois caprices poétiques with the individual Italian titles for each piece; however appropriate they may seem, exactly whence these titles come remains a mystery. They may well have nothing to do with Liszt himself, although they were in use during his lifetime and employed in at least two editions prepared by Liszt’s students so might well have had his nodded approval. In any event, it is by these Italian titles that these much admired studies are now universally known.
II Lamento (‘The Lament’ is an extended piece with an introduction which returns at the close. An editor suggested that in the main body of the work ‘the effect intended is that of a duet between a Soprano and a Baritone’ as it presents, extends and varies a lyrical theme before an ardent climax returns the music to the original key and a gentle series of concluding variations.
La Leggierezza (‘Lightness’) has as its main material a very simple single line in each hand with the unusual tempo direction ‘Quasi allegretto’. Like the other pieces in this set, it is based on a single theme and the technical difficulties involved in playing the piece include rapid leggiero chromatic runs, often with irregular rhythmic groupings, and brilliant passages in thirds and sixths.
Un Sospiro (‘A sigh’) is the best known of the set, and was much taught by Liszt in his later years. It is essentially a study in crossing hands and employs the technical trick whereby a melody is surrounded or supported by arpeggios such that an impression of three hands at the keyboard is given: the melody notes are taken by left and right hand in turn whilst both hands maintain the flowing accompaniment. The melody is written on a third stave with the direction to the performer that notes with the stem up are for the right hand and notes with the stem down are for the left. Towards the end, after the main climax of the piece, the hands need to cross multiple times in an even more complex pattern but the impression of calm and beauty remains unimpaired.
The Three Concert Études were dedicated to Liszt's uncle, Eduard Liszt who handled Liszt's business affairs for more than thirty years until his death in 1879.
Claude Debussy (1862-1918)
Estampes (1903)i. Pagodes
ii. La soirée dans Grenade
iii. Jardins sous la pluieIt has been said that ‘the keyboard world of Claude Debussy is a world of sensuousness, of voluptuousness even, a dreamlike world pulsing with mysterious sounds and dappled with suggestive sonic shadows’ (Donald Gislason). Estampes (’Prints’ or ‘Etchings’ )is a good example of this style even if, it has been suggested, he seems to have been inspired to some degree by Ravel’s Jeux d’eau (Ravel thought so, at least), published in 1901 and said to have made Lisztian glitter acceptable to French taste.
Pagodes (‘Pagodas’) is thought to reflect Debussy’s memories of the Javanese gamelan which he first heard at the 1889 Paris Exhibition. It’s known that he went with the painter Jacques-Émile Blanche to its successor in 1900 specifically to hear these same instruments. The piece begins with the pentatonic scale of Asian music (the scale represented by all the black notes on the piano) and a suggestion of the metallophone and gong timbres of a Javanese gamelan orchestra which gives a magic stillness and serenity to this music infinitely suggestive of the gentle movement of waves in a pond or perhaps the slow swaying of native dancers.
La Soirée dans Grenade (‘Evening in Grenada’) was possibly inspired by the nocturnal gypsy performances entitled ‘Andalusia in Moorish times’, also at the 1900 Exhibition and conjures up the folk music of Spain, represented at the outset by the lilting rhythm of the habanera with the pianist directed to ‘begin slowly in a nonchalantly graceful rhythm’. But after the appearance of a Moorish theme in the left hand, energy is soon
generated in the form of a strumming guitar, itself interrupted by what might be a few quick flashes of horse’s hooves, but in the end it is the drowsy sonic haze of siesta time that envelops the listener as the music fades into the distance.
Finally, in Jardins sous la pluie (’Gardens in the Rain’), encored at the suite’s first performance by Ricardo Viñes on 9 January 1904, Debussy comes home and presents both a picture postcard of a windy, rainy day and a bustling toccata to finish off this triptych of musical prints with a flourish. The constant chatter of semiquavers creates a strong image of falling rain, the sudden leaps of harmony contributing to the impression that a force of nature is at work, beyond human control. Within this sparkling texture, Debussy quotes two French folksongs, Nous n’irons plus aux bois (‘We’ll not return to the woods’) and Do, do, l’enfant do, l’enfant dormira bientôt’(Sleepy time, the child will sleep very soon’) that add a dimension of childlike wonder and innocence to the scene whose ending has been described as ‘a bright splash-in-the-face flash of pianistic puddle- jumping’!
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Robert Schumann (1810-1856)
Piano Sonata No 1 in F sharp minor, Op 11 (1832/35)i. Introduzione: Un poco adagio – Allegro vivace
ii. Aria: Senza passione, ma espressivo
iii. Scherzo: Allegrissimo e Intermezzo: Lento. Alla burla, ma pomposo - Tempo I
iv. Finale: Allegro un poco maestosoAlthough it seems to have been begun when Schumann was engaged to marry Ernestine von Fricke, he dedicated his Opus 11 Piano Sonata to his future wife Clara Wieck who was also a composer and pianist though just 16 when the sonata was completed. In the years when the bulk of it was composed, Clara’s father, Friedrich, prevented the couple from corresponding and Schumann wrote the work almost in order to communicate with Clara and posted it to her when he had not seen her for about eighteen months. The dedication was under the names Florestan and Eusebius in a futile attempt to hide Schumann’s identity from Clara’s father - they were imaginary characters whose contrasting viewpoints represented the two sides, turbulent and reflective, of his own character.
Whatever its origins, the sonata obviously had special meaning in the lives of the couple who were finally able to marry in 1840, and it has been suggested that it can be considered as a ‘love letter in four movements’. Later, Schumann would tell Clara that it was ‘a solitary outcry for you from my heart … in which your name appears
in every possible shape’, and he incorporated a motif from Clara’s own youthful composition ‘Fantastical Scene: the Ballet of the Ghosts’ into the first movement’s haunting slow introduction and elsewhere.
Although the opening pages of the Sonata are clearly labelled ‘Introduzione’, it is substantial and has the aspect of a self-contained entity, but its most unusual feature only becomes apparent subsequently in that the gentle melody that unfolds shortly after its beginning is the theme of the sonata’s slow movement. The Allegro itself is dominated by what Schumann called his ‘fandango’ idea and was derived from a piece he had written three years earlier, then seemingly mislaid. The only significant contrast is provided by a smooth theme that fulfils the role of a traditional second subject and by a return of the introduction.
Schumann describes the slow movement as an ‘Aria’, and it is in fact based on a song he had written as an eighteen-year-old student. (The song, An Anna, to a poem by Justinus Kerner, was not published until Brahms included it in the supplement to the collected edition of Schumann’s works, issued in 1893.) When Liszt reviewed the sonata for the Paris Gazette musicale (alongside the F minor Sonata, Op 14, and the Impromptus on a Theme of Clara Wieck, Op 5) he singled out the slow movement for special praise, describing it as ‘a song of great passion, expressed with fullness and calm’.
Just as this movement typifies the gentle, reflective Eusebius, the ensuing Scherzo speaks of the ebullient, restless Florestan in its agitated, adventurous progress. There are two trios, the first quickening the tempo and the second, marked as an ‘Intermezzo’ and ‘Alla burla, ma pomposo’, which seems to be intended as a parody of the old-fashioned school in a heavy-handed polonaise.
The finale, which was the first part of the sonata to be composed, is a rondo brimming with melodic material, the first theme a stately creation coming in rapid, repeating chords, the next having a more subdued but still lively manner. Thereafter, the movement alternates between the blustery and the reflective, moods that again reflect Schumann's alter egos, Florestan and Eusebius but the music’s élan and inventiveness carry the listener unfailingly through to its brilliantly virtuosic coda and triumphant F sharp major conclusion.